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--- 물리:요르단-위그너_변환_jordan-wigner_transformation [2024/09/01 11:20] – minwoo
+++ 물리:요르단-위그너_변환_jordan-wigner_transformation [2024/09/10 12:58] (current) – minwoo
@@ Line 10: / Line 10: @@
 $ \\ $
-====== 페르미온(\hat{f}ermion)과 보존(Boson) ======
+====== 페르미온(Fermion)과 보존(Boson) ======
 두 운동량 $p_1$과 $p_2$를 가지며, 점유입자수(occupation number) 표현식이 $|n_1 n_2 \rangle$와 같이 표현되는 계를 고려하자.
@@ Line 249: / Line 249: @@
 처음에 언급한 1차원 양자 스핀 모형인 '가로장이 걸려있는 XY 스핀 사슬 (XY spin chain in a transverse field)'에 요르단-위그너 변환을 적용해보도록 하자.
-우선, 기존의 Hamiltonian은 다음과 같다.
+우선, 기존의 해밀토니안은 다음과 같다.
 $$
 \hat{H} =  \sum_{i=1}^N g_i \hat{\sigma}^z_i - \sum_{i=1}^N (J_x \hat{\sigma}^x_{i} \hat{\sigma}^x_{i+1} + J_y \hat{\sigma}^y_{i}\hat{\sigma}^y_{i+1}).
 $$
-각 $\hat{\sigma}$에 대해서는 아래와 같은 변환을 적용하면 되겠다.
+각 $\hat{\sigma}$에 대해서는 아래와 같은 형태의 변환을 적용하면 되겠다.
 $$
 \hat{\sigma}^z = 2\hat{f}_j^\dagger \hat{f}_j - 1\\
 \\
-\hat{\sigma}^+ = 2\hat{f}_j^\dagger e^{i\pi \sum_{l<j} n_l}\\
+\hat{\sigma}^+ = \hat{f}_j^\dagger e^{i\pi \sum_{l<j} n_l}\\
 \\
-\hat{\sigma}^- = 2\hat{f}_j  e^{-i\pi \sum_{l<j} n_l}.
+\hat{\sigma}^- = \hat{f}_j  e^{-i\pi \sum_{l<j} n_l}.
 $$
 따라서 $\hat{H}$의 첫 항은 아래와 같다.
@@ Line 279: / Line 279: @@
 &=\sum_{j=1}^N \left[J_x  (\hat{\sigma}_j^+ + \hat{\sigma}_j^-) (\hat{\sigma}_{j+1}^+ + \hat{\sigma}_{j+1}^-) - J_y (\hat{\sigma}_j^+ - \hat{\sigma}_j^-)(\hat{\sigma}_{j+1}^+ - \hat{\sigma}_{j+1}^-)\right]\\
-&=\sum_{j=1}^N \big[(J_x + J_y)\left(\hat{\sigma}_{j+1}^+\hat{\sigma}_j^-+\hat{\sigma}_{j+1}^-\hat{\sigma}_j^+\right) \\
+&=\sum_{j=1}^N \Big[(J_x + J_y)\left(\hat{\sigma}_j^-\hat{\sigma}_{j+1}^+ + \hat{\sigma}_j^+ \hat{\sigma}_{j+1}^-\right) \\
-&\qquad \quad +(J_x-J_y)(\hat{\sigma}_{j+1}^+\hat{\sigma}_j^+ +\hat{\sigma}_{j+1}^-\hat{\sigma}_j^-)\big].\\
+&\qquad \quad +(J_x-J_y)\left(\hat{\sigma}_j^+\hat{\sigma}_{j+1}^+ +\hat{\sigma}_j^-\hat{\sigma}_{j+1}^-\right)\Big].\\
 \end{align}
-위의 식에 요르단-위그너 변환을 적용해주면
+위의 식에 요르단-위그너 변환을 아래와 같이 적용해보자.
 \begin{align}
-& \sum_{i=1}^N (J_x \hat{\sigma}^x_{i} \hat{\sigma}^x_{i+1} + J_y \hat{\sigma}^y_{i}\hat{\sigma}^y_{i+1})\\
+& \hat{\sigma}_j^- \hat{\sigma}_{j+1}^+ \\
-&=\sum_{j=1}^N \big[(J_x + J_y)\left(\hat{\sigma}_{j+1}^+\hat{\sigma}_j^-+\hat{\sigma}_{j+1}^-\hat{\sigma}_j^+\right) \\
+&=\hat{f}_j  e^{-i\pi \sum_{l<j} n_l} \hat{f}_{j+1}^\dagger e^{i\pi \sum_{l<j+1} n_l} .\\
-&\qquad \quad +(J_x-J_y)(\hat{\sigma}_{j+1}^+\hat{\sigma}_j^+ +\hat{\sigma}_{j+1}^-\hat{\sigma}_j^-)\big].\\
+&= \hat{f}_j \hat{f}_{j+1}^\dagger e^{i\pi n_j}= -\hat{f}_j\hat{f}_{j+1}^\dagger, \\
+&\\
+& \hat{\sigma}_j^+ \hat{\sigma}_{j+1}^- \\
+&=\hat{f}_j^\dagger  e^{i\pi \sum_{l<j} n_l} \hat{f}_{j+1}  e^{-i\pi \sum_{l<j+1} n_l} .\\
+&= \hat{f}_j^\dagger \hat{f}_{j+1}  e^{-i\pi n_j}= \hat{f}_j^\dagger \hat{f}_{j+1}, \\
+&\\
+& \hat{\sigma}_j^+ \hat{\sigma}_{j+1}^+\\
+&=  \hat{f}_j^\dagger e^{i\pi \sum_{l<j} n_l}\hat{f}_{j+1}^\dagger  e^{i\pi \sum_{l<j+1} n_l}.\\
+&= \hat{f}_{j}^\dagger \hat{f}_{j+1}^\dagger e^{i\pi n_j} =\hat{f}_{j}^\dagger \hat{f}_{j+1}^\dagger. \\
+&\\
+& \hat{\sigma}_j^- \hat{\sigma}_{j+1}^-\\
+&=  \hat{f}_j^- e^{-i\pi \sum_{l<j} n_l}\hat{f}_{j+1} e^{-i\pi \sum_{l<j+1} n_l}.\\
+&= \hat{f}_{j}\hat{f}_{j+1} e^{-i\pi n_j} =-\hat{f}_{j} \hat{f}_{j+1}.
+\end{align}
+위의 두 번째 결과에서는 정수 $m$에 대해 $e^{2\pi i m}=1$을 사용했다.
+$\\$
+따라서, 해밀토니안은 다음과 같이 쓰여진다.
+\begin{align}
+\hat{H}&=-\sum_{i=1}^N g_i (1-2\hat{f}_j^\dagger \hat{f}_j)
+-\sum_{j=1}^{N-1} (J_x + J_y)\left(-\hat{f}_j\hat{f}_{j+1}^\dagger + \hat{f}_j^\dagger \hat{f}_{j+1} \right) \\
+& -\sum_{j=1}^{N-1} (J_x-J_y)\left(\hat{f}_j^\dagger \hat{f}_{j+1}^\dagger-\hat{f}_j\hat{f}_{j+1}\right).\\ \\
+&=-\sum_{i=1}^N g_i (1-2\hat{f}_j^\dagger \hat{f}_j)
+-\sum_{j=1}^{N-1} (J_x + J_y)\left(\hat{f}_j^\dagger \hat{f}_{j+1} + \hat{f}_{j+1}^\dagger\hat{f}_j  \right) \\
+& -\sum_{j=1}^{N-1} (J_x-J_y)\left(\hat{f}_j^\dagger \hat{f}_{j+1}^\dagger+\hat{f}_{j+1}\hat{f}_j\right).
 \end{align}
+위에서 마지막 식에 도달할 때는 anticommutation relation을 사용하였다.
+(편의상, 주기적 경계 조건(periodic boundary condtiion)이 아닌 열린 경계 조건(open boudnary condition)을 사용함으로써 두 번째와 세 번째 항의 합은 $j=N$이 아닌 $j=N-1$이다.)
+$\\$
+==== Majorana fermions ====
+마조라나 페르미온(Majorana fermion)은 입자와 반입자가 같은 페르미온이다.
+위에서 얻은 해밀토니안을 마조라나 페르미온인 $\hat{a}_{2j-1}=\hat{f}_j^\dagger + \hat{f}_j$과 $\hat{a}_{2j}=i(\hat{f}_j^\dagger - \hat{f}_j)$으로 다시 표현할 수 있다.
+$$
+\hat{H}(t) = i \sum_{j=1}^N g_j(t)\hat{a}_{2j-1}\hat{a}_{2j}
++i\sum_{j=1}^{N-1}(J_x \hat{a}_{2j}\hat{a}_{2j+1}
+-J_y \hat{a}_{2j-1}\hat{a}_{2j+2}).
+$$
+이를 아래와 같이 풀이하여 직접 확인해보자.
+$$
+\hat{H}(t) = i \sum_{j=1}^N g_j(t)\{\hat{f}_j^\dagger + \hat{f}_j\}\{i(\hat{f}_j^\dagger - \hat{f}_j)\}\\
++i \sum_{j=1}^{N-1}\Big(J_x \{i(\hat{f}_j^\dagger - \hat{f}_j)\}\{\hat{f}_{j+1}^\dagger + \hat{f}_{j+1}\}\\
+-J_y \{\hat{f}_j^\dagger + \hat{f}_j\}\{i(\hat{f}_{j+1}^\dagger - \hat{f}_{j+1})\}\Big).
+$$
+$\\$
+$$
+\\
+\to\
+\hat{H}(t) = - \sum_{j=1}^N g_j(t)\Big[\hat{f}_{j}^\dagger \hat{f}_{j}^\dagger -\hat{f}_{j}^\dagger \hat{f}_{j} + \hat{f}_{j} \hat{f}_{j}^\dagger-\hat{f}_{j}\hat{f}_{j} \Big]
+\\
+- \sum_{j=1}^{N-1}\Big[
+J_x\{\hat{f}_{j}^\dagger \hat{f}_{j+1}^\dagger + \hat{f}_{j}^\dagger \hat{f}_{j+1} - \hat{f}_{j}\hat{f}_{j+1}^\dagger - \hat{f}_{j}\hat{f}_{j+1} \}\\
+-J_y \{\hat{f}_{j}^\dagger \hat{f}_{j+1}^\dagger - \hat{f}_{j}^\dagger \hat{f}_{j+1} + \hat{f}_{j}\hat{f}_{j+1}^\dagger - \hat{f}_{j}\hat{f}_{j+1}\} \Big].
+$$
+$\\$
+이때, $\{\hat{f}_j, \hat{f}_j^\dagger \} = \delta_{ij} \to \hat{f}_j \hat{f}_j^\dagger =1-\hat{f}_j^\dagger \hat{f}_j$등의 anticommutation들을 사용하고, $\hat{f}_j\hat{f}_j$와 같이 임의의 state에 걸어줄 때 0을 주는 항들을 제거해주면 아래와 같다.
+$$
+\\
+\to\
+\hat{H}(t) = - \sum_{j=1}^N g_j(t)\left( 1-2\hat{f}_{j}^\dagger \hat{f}_{j} \right)
+\\
+-\sum_{j=1}^{N-1} (J_x + J_y)\left(\hat{f}_j^\dagger \hat{f}_{j+1} + \hat{f}_{j+1}^\dagger\hat{f}_j  \right) \\
+ -\sum_{j=1}^{N-1} (J_x-J_y)\left(\hat{f}_j^\dagger \hat{f}_{j+1}^\dagger+\hat{f}_{j+1}\hat{f}_j\right).
+$$
+즉, 앞서 본 Majorana fermion의 표현식이 실제로 원래의 식을 준다는 것을 확인하였다.
@@ Line 298: / Line 373: @@
   * Piers Coleman, Introduction to Many-Body Physics, 2015.
-  * Tom Lancaster and Stephen J. Blundell, Quantum \hat{f}ield Theory \hat{f}or the Gi\hat{f}ted Amatuer, 2014.
+  * Tom Lancaster and Stephen J. Blundell, Quantum field Theory for the Gifted Amatuer, 2014.
-  * V. M. Bastidas, Quantum \hat{f}ingerprints o\hat{f} sel\hat{f}-organization in spin chains coupled to a Kuramoto model, 2024.
+  * V. M. Bastidas, Quantum fingerprints of self-organization in spin chains coupled to a Kuramoto model, 2024.